Vacuum motors are extremely widespread and critical in the aerospace field. Leveraging their characteristics such as vacuum resistance, high-temperature tolerance, low outgassing rate, and non-contamination of the vacuum environment, they have become indispensable core components in satellites, rockets, spacecraft, and other aircraft. The following analysis unfolds across three dimensions: application scenarios, technical advantages, and practical cases.

1. Core Application Scenarios

Attitude Control and Orbital Adjustment

Satellites and Spacecraft: Vacuum servo motors precisely control the attitude and orbit of aircraft by driving reaction wheels or thrusters. For example, a certain model of remote sensing satellite uses a vacuum brushless motor to drive its reaction wheel. It operated in orbit for 3 years with no performance degradation, achieving an attitude control accuracy of 0.001°, ensuring communication coverage and imaging quality.

Rocket Propulsion Systems: In rocket engines, vacuum motors are used to regulate the opening and closing of fuel injection valves, enabling precise thrust control and ensuring stability during the launch phase.

Solar Panel Deployment and Drive

Satellite solar panels need to deploy and adjust their angle in a vacuum environment to maximize solar energy absorption. Vacuum motors, through low-friction, high-reliability designs, drive the panel deployment mechanisms and continuously adjust the panel angles during orbital operation, ensuring a stable energy supply.

Antenna and Sensor Pointing Control

Communication antennas, optical telescopes, and other equipment on spacecraft require precise pointing in a vacuum environment. Vacuum motors achieve fine adjustments of antenna pointing through high-resolution stepper control. For instance, in CERN's particle accelerator, vacuum servo motors operated continuously for 100,000 hours, maintaining a vacuum level of 10⁻⁹ Pa, providing crucial support for high-energy physics experiments.

Hatch and Equipment Switching Control

Hatch doors, lens covers, etc., on spacecraft need reliable opening and closing in a vacuum. Vacuum motors, designed with radiation resistance and low volatility, drive the actions of these mechanisms. For example, motors for opening/closing satellite lens covers must withstand space radiation and extreme temperatures to ensure proper operation during mission-critical phases.

2. Technical Advantages Supporting Applications

Vacuum Resistance and Low Outgassing Rate

Vacuum motors use low-outgassing materials (e.g., titanium alloy, polyimide composite insulation) to avoid releasing gases in the vacuum environment that could contaminate sensitive equipment (e.g., optical lenses, semiconductor wafers). For instance, if a vacuum motor in semiconductor manufacturing equipment has poor heat dissipation or material outgassing, it could cause wafer contamination, resulting in losses of millions.

High-Temperature and Extreme Temperature Adaptability

Spacecraft must withstand extreme space temperatures (e.g., -196°C to +200°C). Vacuum motors, through special materials (e.g., ceramic bearings, high-temperature resistant coatings) and heat pipe conduction technology, ensure no softening at high temperatures and no brittleness at low temperatures. For example, a certain model of high-low temperature vacuum motor has an operating temperature range covering -196°C to +200°C and is used in spacecraft thermal vacuum test chambers.

High Precision and Long Lifespan

The vacuum environment eliminates air resistance and friction, allowing for smoother motor movement. Combined with high-resolution stepper control (e.g., ±1µm accuracy), micron-level positioning can be achieved. For example, miniature linear vacuum motors are used for reticle stage positioning in semiconductor lithography machines, contributing to the mass production of 5nm chips.

Radiation Resistance and Reliability

Space radiation can break down motor insulation. Vacuum motors incorporate radiation-resistant designs, such as zirconium-doped modification, to ensure 15 years of fault-free operation in orbit. For example, satellite attitude control motors must pass tests with radiation doses up to 10⁶ Gy to ensure long-term stable operation.

3. Practical Cases Demonstrating Value

Satellite Attitude Control

A certain model of remote sensing satellite used a vacuum brushless motor to drive its reaction wheel. By precisely controlling the motor speed, fine adjustments of the satellite's attitude were achieved. During its 3-year in-orbit operation, the motor showed no performance degradation, maintaining an attitude control accuracy of 0.001°, which guaranteed high-resolution imaging and communication coverage.

Particle Accelerator Vacuum Pump Systems

CERN's Large Hadron Collider requires an ultra-high vacuum environment (10⁻⁹ Pa). Its vacuum pump systems use vacuum servo motors for drive. These motors operated continuously for 100,000 hours, utilizing multi-layer dynamic seals and intelligent temperature control systems to ensure stable vacuum levels, providing critical support for high-energy physics experiments.

Wafer Transfer Robotic Arm

A domestic 12-inch wafer fab introduced a robotic arm driven by a vacuum linear motor. The motor achieved a travel accuracy of ±1µm, increased transfer speed to 2m/s, and controlled particle contamination below Class 1, significantly improving chip manufacturing yield.

4. Future Trends

As space missions expand into areas like deep space exploration and quantum computing, vacuum motors will develop towards intelligence, sustainability, and extreme environment adaptation:

Intelligence: Integration of multi-parameter sensors (vibration, temperature, current) and AI algorithms for fault prediction and adaptive control.

Sustainability: Use of recyclable materials (e.g., magnesium alloy housing) and bio-based insulating varnishes to reduce carbon footprint.

Extreme Environment Adaptation: Exploration of applications for low-temperature superconducting windings at liquid hydrogen temperatures (-253°C), targeting efficiency improvements up to 99%, aiding vacuum pump systems in fusion reactors.

With their unique technical advantages, vacuum motors have become the indispensable "power heart" of the aerospace field, continuously propelling humanity's exploration of the unknown, from deep space to chip manufacturing.

An ordinary motor will face a series of severe challenges in a vacuum environment. Without special design and treatment, it is likely to fail within a short period. Simply put, an ordinary motor cannot be used directly in a vacuum environment.

The main reasons and potential consequences are as follows:

Heat Dissipation Problem (The Most Critical Issue)

In Earth's Atmosphere: The motor generates heat during operation. Ordinary motors dissipate heat primarily through three methods:

Convection: Surrounding air flow carries heat away (this is the primary method).

Conduction: Heat is transferred to the mounting structure via the motor base.

Radiation: Heat is radiated outward as infrared radiation (accounts for a very small proportion at normal temperatures).

In a Vacuum: There is no air, so convective heat transfer completely fails. Heat dissipation can only rely on conduction and radiation.

Conduction becomes crucial but requires extremely large-area, tight contact between the motor and the mounting structure, along with the use of highly thermally conductive materials (e.g., thermal grease). This is very difficult to achieve perfectly in engineering.

Radiation is very inefficient at low temperatures.

Consequence: The motor will overheat drastically, causing internal temperatures to far exceed design limits. This can lead to melting of the insulation, demagnetization of permanent magnets, evaporation or solidification of bearing lubricant, and ultimately result in motor burnout or seizure.

Lubrication Problem

Ordinary Lubricants: Most greases or lubricating oils used in ordinary motors will, in a vacuum environment:

Rapidly Evaporate/Sublime: The boiling point is extremely low in a vacuum, causing liquid lubricants to rapidly turn into gas and evaporate, leading to dry running of the bearings.

Contaminate the Environment: The evaporated oil vapor can condense on nearby precision equipment, such as optical lenses or sensor surfaces, causing permanent contamination and functional failure. This is absolutely unacceptable for spacecraft.

Consequence: The bearings wear out or seize due to lack of lubrication in a short time, causing the motor to stop rotating.

Corona Discharge and Arcing (Especially Dangerous for High-Voltage Motors)

In Earth's Atmosphere: Air has a certain dielectric strength, preventing discharge between electrodes below a certain voltage.

In a Vacuum: Vacuum itself is an excellent insulator, but its insulating capability is closely related to electrode material and surface finish. In a vacuum, insulation between electrodes no longer relies on a medium but on the vacuum itself.

The problem is: At high voltages, motor windings—especially at points with minor insulation defects or sharp points—can cause residual gas molecules to ionize, easily leading to corona discharge or vacuum arcing.

Consequence: Continuous discharge can severely erode and damage the insulation material, eventually causing winding short circuits and motor failure.

Material Outgassing

Problem: Many materials used in the manufacturing of ordinary motors (such as plastics, paints, adhesives, ordinary wire insulation, etc.) absorb and dissolve gas molecules from the air. In a vacuum environment, these gases are slowly released, a process known as "outgassing."

Consequence: Similar to lubricant evaporation, these released gases can contaminate the entire vacuum system, which is fatal for scientific experiments requiring ultra-high vacuum or for space telescopes.

So, What Motors Are Used in Vacuum Environments?

To solve the above problems, engineers have developed motors specifically designed for vacuum environments. The main solutions include:

Special Heat Dissipation Design:

Strengthen conduction paths using highly thermally conductive metals (like copper) for components or heat sinks.

Design dedicated connection cooling plates with internal coolant to forcibly remove heat.

Increase the motor's operating temperature class using higher-grade insulation materials (e.g., Class H, Class C).

Vacuum Lubrication Technology:

Use solid lubricants such as molybdenum disulfide, PTFE, or graphite.

Use full ceramic bearings or specially treated metal bearings.

Vacuum-Compatible Materials and Insulation:

Select all structural materials with low outgassing rates.

Use special vacuum-compatible impregnating varnishes and potting materials for windings.

For high-voltage motors, special consideration must be given to insulation structure and processes to prevent corona discharge.

Therefore, if you need to use a motor in a vacuum environment (such as in space equipment, vacuum coating machines, particle accelerators, etc.), you must select a vacuum motor specifically designed and certified for vacuum use, and cannot directly use an ordinary motor.

Reverse osmosis pumps inject water into reverse osmosis membranes under high pressure, effectively filtering out dissolved salts, organic matter, microorganisms, and other impurities. The key lies in their ability to sustain stable high pressure conditions over extended periods, ensuring filtration efficiency and water purity. Designed for both durability and energy efficiency, these pumps maintain high performance during prolonged operation. Furthermore, their compact construction facilitates easy installation and maintenance, offering users significant operational convenience. This high pressure pump is specifically engineered for reverse osmosis (RO) systems, playing a vital role within the RO process. Its primary function is to provide stable and sufficient pressure throughout the system, counteracting osmotic pressure and driving water molecules through the semi-permeable membrane. To ensure long-term reliable operation, the internal structure of the reverse osmosis pump undergoes precision machining, offering excellent corrosion and wear resistance, capable of withstanding various complex water quality conditions.

1. Working Principle of Reverse Osmosis Pumps

Reverse osmosis pumps utilize the reciprocating motion of a plunger to pressurize and convey fluids. When the plunger retracts, negative pressure forms within the pump chamber, opening the inlet valve and drawing water into the chamber. As the plunger advances, the water within the chamber is compressed, causing pressure to rise rapidly. The outlet valve then opens, delivering the high pressure water stream to the reverse osmosis system. This operating mechanism enables the plunger pump to deliver stable high pressure output, making it highly suitable for applications requiring high pressure and low flow rates. Additionally, due to its simple structure and the use of high performance materials for critical components, the plunger pump demonstrates exceptional efficiency and reliability during operation. It maintains long-term stable performance even under harsh working conditions.

2. Why is the reverse osmosis pump the “heart” of the RO system?

The reverse osmosis pump occupies a central position within the RO system, with its performance directly impacting the operational effectiveness and stability of the entire system. Serving as the driving force propelling water molecules through the semi-permeable membrane, it not only determines water production efficiency but also plays a critical role in achieving water purity. If the RO system were likened to a living organism, the reverse osmosis pump would be its powerhouse heart, continuously supplying energy to the system. Should the pump malfunction, the entire system risks stalling or operating inefficiently, potentially leading to irreversible damage. Therefore, selecting a high-quality reverse osmosis pump is essential for ensuring the long-term, stable operation of the RO system. Furthermore, its reliability and adaptability determine whether the system can maintain high performance under varying operating conditions, further underscoring its indispensable role.

In summary, reverse osmosis pumps play an irreplaceable role in RO systems. Their pivotal position is reflected not only in providing essential pressure support but also in their ability to flexibly adjust output according to actual demand, ensuring the system consistently operates at optimal performance. Moreover, the high efficiency and stable performance of reverse osmosis pumps enable the entire RO system to operate continuously in diverse complex environments, delivering reliable water quality assurance to users. This robust adaptability makes them the preferred equipment for reverse osmosis systems across various industries, seawater desalination projects, and pharmaceutical applications, further cementing their pivotal role as the “heart” of the system. Elephant Machinery offers the optimal selection of reverse osmosis pumps and can also provide customized solutions tailored to your requirements. We welcome your inquiries.

The BOP test pump is a specialized device designed to evaluate the performance of blowout preventer (BOP) at wellheads. By simulating high pressure environments, it assesses the sealing integrity and reliability of BOP, ensuring their safe operation during oil and gas extraction. This test pump typically features high-precision pressure control and data acquisition capabilities, enabling real-time monitoring and recording of critical parameters throughout the testing process to provide reliable data for subsequent analysis.

1. Function

The BOP test pump simulates various pressure conditions to evaluate the performance of blowout preventers under different operational states. It serves as the final and most critical safety barrier against well blowouts. This equipment identifies potential leak points or weak links without damaging the machinery, enabling operators to perform timely maintenance and repairs. Additionally, it supports multiple test modes that can be flexibly adjusted to meet specific operational requirements, ensuring each test achieves the desired outcome. Water is typically used for testing instead of drilling mud because it is clean, incompressible, clearly displays pressure changes, and causes less damage to equipment. Through precise pressure regulation and stable output, the BOP test pump effectively enhances testing efficiency while reducing the risk of human error.

2. Features

Unlike other drilling pumps (such as mud pumps), the BOP test pump is specifically designed for testing operations. Its design emphasizes practicality and reliability, featuring robust adaptability to ensure normal operation under harsh environmental conditions. The primary focus is on generating extremely high pressure rather than large-volume fluid transfer, resulting in lower flow rates. Its compact structure facilitates transportation and installation, making it suitable for diverse field applications. Manufactured using advanced materials and technologies, the equipment ensures long-term durability while reducing maintenance frequency and costs. Additionally, it incorporates multiple safety protection mechanisms to effectively prevent accidents caused by operational errors or unexpected incidents, providing enhanced safety assurance for field operations.

3. Application

BOP test pumps find extensive applications across the oil and gas industry. They are commonly deployed on drilling rigs, onshore wells, and offshore production facilities to conduct periodic inspections and performance verification of blowout preventers. This equipment enables operational teams to perform comprehensive performance assessments before equipment commissioning or during routine maintenance, ensuring compliance with safety standards. Additionally, BOP test pumps can adapt to testing demands in extreme environments, such as high temperatures, high pressures, or corrosive conditions, thereby safeguarding safe operations under complex working conditions. In practical applications, they not only help users meet industry regulatory requirements but also optimize overall operational workflows, reduce downtime caused by equipment failures, and enhance production efficiency.

The BOP test pump is a specialized piece of equipment primarily used for conducting high pressure seal integrity tests on critical well control devices such as blowout preventers. Within the oil and gas industry, the role of the BOP test pump cannot be overlooked. It not only performs initial performance verification on newly installed blowout preventers but also enables periodic inspections after equipment operation to ensure it remains in optimal condition. Elephant Machinery remains committed to providing customers worldwide with convenient, reliable, efficient, and intelligent reciprocating pump products. We offer high-quality BOP test pumps, including high pressure pumps and pressure test pumps.

Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines have become the foundation of modern manufacturing, enabling precise, automated, and efficient machining processes. They are used across various industries, including automotive, aerospace, electronics, and general engineering, to produce parts with high accuracy and consistency.

Understanding the various types of CNC machines is crucial for selecting the appropriate equipment for specific production requirements. Each category—such as milling, turning, drilling, grinding, and cutting machines—serves distinct purposes and offers unique advantages in terms of precision, speed, and material compatibility.

What Is a CNC Machine?

A CNC machine (Computer Numerical Control machine) is an automated tool that uses computer programming to control machining operations with high precision. Instead of being manually operated by a machinist, the CNC system follows coded instructions—often written in G-code—to move cutting tools or workpieces along defined paths.

CNC machines are widely used to perform complex manufacturing tasks such as milling, turning, drilling, and grinding, allowing manufacturers to produce parts with exceptional accuracy, repeatability, and speed. Each movement, tool change, and feed rate is controlled automatically, ensuring consistent quality across large production runs.

The concept of CNC machining evolved from traditional manual control systems in the mid-20th century, when punched tape and numerical codes were first used to automate metal cutting. Today, CNC technology integrates advanced control systems, sensors, and even AI to enhance process stability and efficiency.

In modern factories, CNC machines are not limited to metal cutting. They are also applied to plastics, composites, ceramics, and wood, making them indispensable across industries such as automotive, aerospace, medical, and electronics manufacturing.

In essence, CNC machines have transformed the way manufacturers approach precision engineering—bridging the gap between human craftsmanship and digital automation.

Complete List of CNC Machines

CNC machines come in a wide variety of types, each designed for specific machining operations and material requirements. They differ in structure, tool configuration, and the type of motion they perform—linear, rotary, or a combination of both. Below is a comprehensive list of the most common CNC machine types, along with their main functions and typical applications.

CNC machines can range from simple 2-axis models to complex 5-axis or multi-tasking machining centers that integrate turning and milling in one setup. The right type depends on the required precision, material type, production volume, and part complexity.

CNC Milling Machines – The Backbone of Precision Machining

Among all CNC machine types, CNC milling machines are considered the most versatile and widely used in modern manufacturing. They operate by rotating cutting tools along multiple axes—typically X, Y, and Z—to remove material from a stationary workpiece and shape it into the desired geometry.

CNC milling machines are classified mainly into vertical and horizontal configurations:

Vertical Machining Centers (VMCs):

Feature a vertically oriented spindle. They are ideal for precision parts, molds, and die-making, offering excellent visibility and accessibility.

Horizontal Machining Centers (HMCs):

Have a horizontally positioned spindle, allowing gravity-assisted chip removal and better efficiency in machining large or heavy parts.

Advanced models, such as 5-axis CNC milling machines, provide additional rotational movements, enabling complex surface machining in a single setup. This reduces setup time, increases accuracy, and is especially valuable for industries such as aerospace, medical device manufacturing, and high-precision mold making.

Key performance factors for CNC milling machines include spindle speed, feed rate, travel distance, and tool capacity. Modern systems are often equipped with automatic tool changers (ATC) and high-speed spindles that support simultaneous multi-tool operations.

CNC Turning Machines – Precision in Round Components

CNC turning machines, commonly known as CNC lathes, are designed for producing rotationally symmetrical parts with exceptional accuracy. Unlike milling machines, which move the cutting tool around a stationary workpiece, CNC turning machines rotate the workpiece while a stationary cutting tool removes material. This makes them ideal for manufacturing shafts, bushings, fasteners, and cylindrical components that require high surface finish and tight tolerances.

Modern CNC turning machines are typically categorized by the number of controlled axes and their machining capabilities:

2-Axis CNC Lathes:

These are the standard type, featuring two controlled axes—X and Z. They perform essential operations such as facing, turning, threading, and grooving with high efficiency.

3-Axis and C-Axis Lathes:

Include an additional C-axis, enabling the spindle to be indexed or continuously rotated for basic milling, drilling, and tapping operations.

Multi-Axis Turning Centers (Y-axis / Sub-spindle):

Designed for complex, multi-operation machining in one setup, reducing the need for part repositioning and manual handling.

Swiss-Type CNC Lathes:

Features a sliding headstock and guide bushing system, allowing ultra-precise machining of small-diameter parts for medical, electronics, and watchmaking industries.

Equipped with advanced CNC control systems and automatic tool changers, modern turning centers deliver outstanding precision, speed, and repeatability. They are widely used in automotive, aerospace, and hydraulic manufacturing, where performance and consistency are critical.

CNC Drilling, Boring, and Grinding Machines

Beyond milling and turning, CNC drilling, boring, and grinding machines play vital roles in achieving precision holes, fine tolerances, and high-quality surface finishes. Each type serves a specific purpose in the machining process and is indispensable for complete manufacturing solutions.

CNC Drilling Machines

CNC drilling machines are designed to create accurate holes with controlled depth and diameter. They can be equipped with multiple spindles or turret heads, allowing several holes to be drilled simultaneously. Advanced models support tapping, countersinking, and reaming operations within a single cycle. These machines are commonly used in automotive, aerospace, and machinery component production, where precise alignment and hole consistency are essential.

CNC Boring Machines

Boring machines are used to enlarge and finish existing holes with extreme accuracy. CNC boring centers often handle large workpieces such as engine blocks, machine bases, and heavy castings. Horizontal boring machines, in particular, offer superior stability and are ideal for deep-hole machining. Their computer-controlled feeds and spindle movement ensure exact dimensional tolerances, even in large-scale production.

CNC Grinding Machines

CNC grinding machines employ abrasive wheels to achieve fine surface finishes and tight dimensional accuracy. Depending on configuration, they can perform surface grinding, cylindrical grinding, or internal grinding. These machines are essential for producing tools, bearings, dies, and precision components, where micron-level accuracy is required.

Together, CNC drilling, boring, and grinding machines form a critical part of the machining ecosystem—delivering accuracy, consistency, and high-quality surface integrity for modern industrial manufacturing.

5-Axis CNC Machines

A 5-axis CNC machine represents the most advanced form of CNC machining technology. It can move a tool or a part along five different axes simultaneously — the traditional X, Y, and Z linear axes, plus two additional rotary axes (A and B). This configuration allows the tool to approach the workpiece from virtually any direction.

5-axis machines are used for complex geometries and high-precision components, such as those found in aerospace, medical, and automotive industries. They are ideal for parts that require machining on multiple faces or have intricate curves that would otherwise need multiple setups.

Advantages:

Capable of producing highly complex and contoured surfaces

Reduces setup time — multiple sides can be machined in one pass

Improves accuracy by minimizing repositioning errors

Enhances surface finish due to smoother tool movements

Common applications:

Turbine blades and impellers

Aerospace structural parts

Artificial joints and medical implants

High-performance automotive components

CNC Machine Components

A CNC machine is made up of several key components that work together to ensure precision, speed, and reliability. Understanding these parts helps users operate, maintain, and troubleshoot their machines more effectively.

1. Control Panel (CNC Controller)

The CNC controller is the “brain” of the machine. It interprets the G-code instructions from the program and sends precise commands to the motors and actuators.

Functions: program input, coordinate control, and error detection

Example: Fanuc, Siemens, Mitsubishi, or Heidenhain controllers

2. Machine Bed

The machine bed serves as the foundation of the CNC machine. It supports all other components and absorbs vibrations during machining to maintain accuracy.

Usually made of cast iron or mineral composite for high stability and rigidity.

3. Spindle

The spindle is the rotating component that holds and drives the cutting. tool. Its performance directly affects machining speed and surface finish.

Can be belt-driven, gear-driven, or direct-drive (built-in) type.

High-speed spindles are essential for precision machining of aluminum and composite materials.

4. Tool Changer

The automatic tool changer (ATC) enables the machine to switch between different cutting tools automatically, increasing efficiency and reducing downtime.

Common types: drum-type and chain-type tool changers.

Typical capacity: 16 to 60 tools, depending on the machine size.

5. Axis Drive System

The axis drive system controls movement along each axis (X, Y, Z, and others).

Ball screws and linear guideways ensure smooth and precise positioning.

Servo motors or stepper motors drive the axes with feedback control.

6. Worktable

The worktable is where the workpiece is mounted, often using fixtures, vises, or clamps.

Can move in multiple directions depending on the machine type.

In 5-axis machines, the table may tilt or rotate for multi-face machining

7. Coolant and Lubrication System

These systems maintain temperature stability and prevent tool wear.

Coolant removes heat and chips from the cutting area.

Lubrication ensures the smooth movement of mechanical components.

How Does a CNC Machine Work?

A CNC machine operates by following computerized instructions to automate the machining process. The process starts with a digital design, usually created in CAD (Computer-Aided Design) software. This design is then converted into G-code or M-code, which serves as the machine's instruction set.

Step 1: Programming and Setup

The operator loads the part design into the CNC controller.

Material is fixed on the worktable using clamps, vises, or fixtures.

The appropriate cutting tool is installed in the spindle or tool turret.

Step 2: Machine Motion

The CNC controller interprets the G-code commands to control each axis of the machine.

Linear axes (X, Y, Z) move the tool or workpiece precisely, while rotary axes (A, B, C) allow complex orientation in multi-axis machines.

The servo motors and ball screws ensure smooth, accurate, and repeatable movements.

Step 3: Material Removal

The cutting tool engages the workpiece, removing material according to the programmed path.

Spindle speed, feed rate, and depth of cut are controlled automatically to maintain quality and prevent tool wear.

For multi-operation machines, the automatic tool changer (ATC) switches tools as needed without stopping the program.

Step 4: Monitoring and Feedback

Modern CNC machines have sensors and feedback systems to monitor spindle load, tool wear, and axis position.

The controller adjusts movements in real-time to ensure precision and repeatability.

By combining digital programming, precise mechanical motion, and automated tool handling, CNC machines can produce high-precision components efficiently, consistently, and with minimal human intervention—making them indispensable in modern manufacturing.

Applications of CNC Machines in Different Industries

CNC machines are widely used across various industries due to their precision, efficiency, and versatility. Understanding their applications helps manufacturers and engineers choose the right machine type for their production needs.

1. Aerospace Industry

CNC machines produce turbine blades, engine components, and structural airframe parts.

High-speed and multi-axis CNC machining ensures tight tolerances and complex geometries required for safety-critical aerospace components.

2. Automotive Industry

Commonly used for engine blocks, crankshafts, gears, and custom vehicle parts.

CNC milling and turning machines improve production speed while maintaining consistent quality across mass production lines.

3. Electronics and Electrical Equipment

CNC routers and small milling machines are used for circuit boards, aluminum housings, and precision enclosures.

The high accuracy of CNC ensures reliable fits and smooth finishes, essential for electronic assemblies.

4. Medical and Healthcare

CNC machining is critical for implants, surgical instruments, and prosthetic components.

Machines with 5-axis or multi-axis capabilities can produce complex organic shapes with micron-level precision.

5. General Manufacturing and Tooling

CNC machines support mold making, die production, and custom mechanical parts.

Surface grinding, drilling, and milling capabilities allow manufacturers to produce high-precision tools and components efficiently.

6. Energy and Heavy Machinery

CNC boring and turning machines handle large castings, turbine components, and hydraulic equipment.

High stability and automated control ensure consistent accuracy for heavy-duty industrial parts.

Conclusion

CNC machines have transformed modern manufacturing, offering precision, automation, and versatility. From milling and turning to drilling, grinding, and multi-axis machining, each type serves specific purposes across industries like aerospace, automotive, electronics, and medical.

Understanding the list of CNC machines and their applications helps manufacturers select the right equipment for their production needs. With advances in AI, IoT, and automation, CNC machines now deliver higher efficiency, accuracy, and the ability to handle complex part geometries.

By choosing the right CNC machine, manufacturers can improve productivity, maintain quality, and stay competitive in 2025.

The combination of "cryogenic" and "biomedical" often points to high-precision, advanced, and high-value technologies. Here, "cryogenic" typically refers to deep cold environments ranging from -40°C to -196°C (liquid nitrogen temperature) or even lower.

First, why are cryogenic motors needed in these applications?

Standard motors face severe challenges in low-temperature environments:

Material Embrittlement: Lubricants solidify, seals fail, plastic components become brittle.

Performance Degradation: Magnet properties change, potentially leading to torque loss and reduced positioning accuracy.

Condensation Issues: When a motor operating in a cold environment returns to room temperature, moisture condenses on its surface, causing short circuits and corrosion.

Therefore, cryogenic stepper motors are specially designed and manufactured products with the following characteristics:

Special Lubrication: Uses specialized greases that maintain lubricity at low temperatures or solid lubricants.

Material Selection: Employs materials with stable mechanical properties at low temperatures, such as specific stainless steels, low-temperature plastics, and composites.

Thermal Design: Accounts for thermal expansion and contraction of materials under extreme temperature variations to prevent structural damage.

Anti-Condensation Treatment: May involve measures like vacuum encapsulation or filling with inert gas.

Main Application Areas of Cryogenic Motors in the Biomedical Industry,Here are several core and rapidly growing application scenarios:

1. Automated Biobanks

This is the most typical and widespread application. Biobanks are used for the long-term storage of biological samples like blood, tissue, DNA, and cells, typically preserved in -80°C ultra-low freezers or -196°C liquid nitrogen tanks.

Application Scenario: In robotic arms or conveyor systems inside ultra-low freezers or liquid nitrogen tanks.

Motor Role: Drives robotic arms for picking, storing, organizing, and retrieving samples.

Technical Requirements:

High Reliability: If the system fails, repairs require warming the entire storage environment, potentially causing the loss of millions of samples with immense cost. Therefore, motors must be extremely reliable.

Precise Position Control: Needs to accurately locate individual test tubes or cryoboxes within dense sample racks.

Continuous Cryogenic Operation: Motors must operate stably 24/7 in deep cryogenic environments without "seizing" or experiencing insufficient torque.

2. Cryogenic Transfer/Dispensing Systems

In pharmaceutical or biological reagent production processes, liquids or semi-fluids need dispensing, capping, sealing, etc., in low-temperature environments.

Application Scenario: Installed on automated production lines within freezing chambers or glove boxes.

Motor Role: Drives pumps, valves, lead screws, and timing belts to achieve precise volume dispensing and container transfer.

Technical Requirements:

Smooth Motion: Avoids splashing of precious biological materials or bubble generation due to jerky movements.

Corrosion Resistance: May be exposed to trace amounts of chemical reagents or biological vapors.

3. Medical Cryogenic Centrifuges

Certain specialized biological separation processes (e.g., separation and purification of cells, viruses, proteins) need to be performed at low temperatures to preserve biological activity.

Application Scenario: Driving the lid open/close mechanism of centrifuges, or driving rotor balancing systems in large centrifuges.

Motor Role: Provides stable, reliable linear or rotary motion, ensuring automation of operations within cryogenic laboratories.

Technical Requirements:

Rapid Response & High Torque: Especially for lid locking mechanisms, sufficient torque and fast action are required.

Low Vibration: Any excess vibration affects centrifuge balance and sample quality.

4. Cryogenic Microscopy and Imaging Systems

To observe dynamic processes or structures of biological samples (e.g., live cells, tissue sections) at low temperatures, microscopes equipped with cooling stages are used.

Application Scenario: Integrated into the movement control system of the cryogenic sample stage.

Motor Role: Drives precision X-Y-Z movement of the stage, focus adjustment, and objective turret switching.

Technical Requirements:

Ultra-High Precision & Resolution: Microstepping control of the motor must be very fine to achieve sub-micron positioning.

Minimal Heat Generation: Heat generated by motor operation must be minimized to avoid affecting the temperature stability of the sample stage and the sample itself.

No Magnetic Interference: Some imaging techniques (e.g., MRI) are highly sensitive to electromagnetic interference, potentially requiring non-magnetic or low-magnetic models.

5. Automated Cryo-Electron Microscopy Sample Preparation

Cryo-EM is a revolutionary technique in structural biology. Its sample preparation process needs to be performed in a vitrified state at liquid nitrogen temperatures.

Application Scenario: In automated plunge freezers or cryo-milling instruments.

Motor Role: Controls critical parameters like the plunge speed of the sample rod, contact force and time of blotting paper, etc.

Technical Requirements:

Extremely High Repeatability: The success rate of sample preparation highly depends on the repeatability of each step.

Compatibility with High & Low Speeds: Requires both rapid plunging and fine micro-adjustment movements.

Future Trends:

With the rapid development of precision medicine, gene therapy, and biopharmaceuticals, the demand for automated and intelligent cryogenic processing equipment is growing increasingly strong. As the core drive component of this equipment, the precision, reliability, integration, and intelligence (e.g., built-in sensor feedback) of cryogenic motors will continue to improve to meet more demanding future application requirements.

Ensuring the reliability of vacuum motors (typically referring to motors that can operate stably under pressures below 10^(-2) Pa) in high-vacuum environments is a systematic project that requires strict control across multiple aspects, including material selection, structural design, manufacturing processes, and testing verification. Below are the key measures to ensure the reliability of vacuum motors, divided into several core layers:

Layer 1: Material Selection and Treatment – The Core of the Core

In high-vacuum environments, material outgassing is the primary issue. The released gases can not only contaminate the vacuum system but their condensates may also cause critical failures such as short circuits and lubrication failure.

Low Outgassing Materials:

Structural Materials: Prefer stainless steel (e.g., 304, 316L), oxygen-free copper, and aluminum alloys (requiring special surface treatment to reduce porosity). Absolutely avoid materials with high volatility or outgassing rates, such as plastics, rubber, ordinary paint, zinc, and cadmium.

Insulation Materials: Use vacuum-compatible insulating materials, such as polyimide (Kapton), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), ceramics, and specialty epoxy resins. These materials are cured at high temperatures and have very low outgassing rates.

Magnetic Materials: Permanent magnets like neodymium iron boron may be unstable in high-vacuum environments, undergoing "vacuum volatilization," which leads to magnetic performance degradation. They must be coated with protective layers, such as nickel, zinc, or epoxy resin, and the coating must be dense and non-porous.

Material Pretreatment:

All materials should be rigorously cleaned before assembly to remove contaminants such as oil stains, fingerprints, and dust. Common processes include ultrasonic cleaning (using high-purity solvents like acetone and ethanol) and deionized water rinsing.

For critical components, vacuum baking may be necessary, which involves heating the materials in a vacuum environment at temperatures higher than the operating temperature for an extended period to accelerate the release of internal and surface-adsorbed gases.

Layer 2: Special Structural Design

Reducing Internal Cavities and Traps:

The motor design should minimize internal dead spaces and narrow gaps, which can act as "reservoirs" for gases and slowly release them. Common methods include using solid shafts and filling with epoxy resin.

All gaps and threaded connections should be designed to facilitate gas discharge.

Thermal Management Design:

In a vacuum, there is no air convection, making motor heat dissipation extremely challenging. Heat transfer primarily relies on radiation and conduction.

The design must be optimized to enhance heat conduction paths. For example, using materials with high thermal conductivity, increasing the contact area with the mounting base (cold plate), or even integrating cooling channels (for water or liquid nitrogen) inside the motor housing.

Precisely calculate the motor's thermal load to ensure its temperature rise in a vacuum remains within acceptable limits.

Preventing Cold Welding and Lubrication:

In ultra-high vacuum environments, clean metal surfaces may cold weld (adhere in a cold state), causing moving parts to seize.

Lubrication is one of the biggest challenges for vacuum motors. Ordinary greases will rapidly volatilize and contaminate the entire vacuum system.

Solid Lubrication: Use materials such as molybdenum disulfide, graphite, or PTFE. However, note that graphite's lubricity depends on adsorbed water vapor, and its performance may degrade in ultra-high vacuum.

Hard Coating Lubrication: Such as diamond-like carbon films.

Precious Metal Lubrication: Soft metals like gold and silver, which are less prone to oxidation, offer good lubrication in vacuum environments.

Specialized Space-Grade Lubricants: Such as perfluoropolyether or alkyl naphthalene synthetic oils, which are highly purified and have extremely low vapor pressure.

Layer 3: Manufacturing and Assembly Processes

Cleanroom Environment:

The entire motor assembly must be carried out in a high-grade cleanroom to prevent contamination from dust and fibers.

Welding Instead of Thread Locking Agents:

Use vacuum-compatible welding methods such as TIG welding or electron beam welding to seal the housing and connect wires. Avoid using thread-locking agents or sealants that produce volatile substances.

Lead Wire and Sealing:

The power and signal wires exiting the vacuum chamber are critical leakage points. Vacuum feedthroughs must be used, which employ ceramic-metal sealing technology to ensure absolute airtightness.

Layer 4: Testing and Verification

This is the final step to verify whether all design and process requirements are met.

Ground Simulation Testing:

Vacuum Level Testing: Place the motor in a vacuum chamber simulating its working environment, pump it to high vacuum (or even ultra-high vacuum), and operate it for an extended period while monitoring changes in vacuum levels to evaluate its total outgassing rate.

Life Testing: Conduct long-term start-stop, acceleration-deceleration, and continuous operation tests in a vacuum environment to assess its mechanical lifespan, lubrication longevity, and long-term stability of insulation performance.

High and Low-Temperature Cycle Testing: Simulate temperature changes in space or scientific equipment to verify the thermal compatibility of motor materials and structures, as well as the performance of lubricants at different temperatures.

Outgassing Product Collection Testing: Use quartz crystal microbalances or mass spectrometers to analyze the gas components released by the motor and identify contamination sources.

Summary

Ensuring the reliability of vacuum motors in high-vacuum environments is a closed-loop quality control system that runs through the entire process of design, material selection, manufacturing, and testing. The core guiding principles are:

Minimizing outgassing to the extreme: Achieved through low-outgassing materials, vacuum baking, and clean assembly.

Effectively addressing heat dissipation: Achieved by optimizing heat conduction and radiation paths.

Reliably achieving lubrication: Accomplished by selecting appropriate solid or specialized liquid lubrication solutions.

Rigorously verifying performance: Validated through ground simulations of all harsh operating conditions.

For highly demanding applications (such as spacecraft or particle accelerators), every detail is critical, and any minor oversight could lead to the failure of the entire mission.

Motors used in radiation environments have fundamentally different design and material selection criteria compared to standard motors. The core objective is to resist radiation-induced damage and maintain sufficient operational lifespan and reliability while ensuring functionality. Below is a detailed explanation of the special requirements for motors intended for use in radiation environments:

I. Core Challenges: Radiation Effects on Motor Materials

Radiation (e.g., neutrons, gamma rays) causes two primary types of damage to materials:

Ionization Effects

Greatest impact on insulating materials: High-energy particles can ionize molecules in insulating materials, breaking chemical bonds and leading to:

Degraded Electrical Properties: Reduced insulation resistance, increased permittivity and dielectric loss.

Degraded Mechanical Properties: Embrittlement and cracking.

Gas Generation: Material decomposition can produce gases, potentially causing pressure buildup or corrosion in enclosed spaces.

Impact on Lubricants: Causes decomposition, hardening, or loss of lubricating properties.

Displacement Damage

Greatest impact on structural materials and semiconductors: High-energy particles (especially neutrons) can displace atoms from their lattice sites, creating vacancies and interstitial atoms, leading to:

Material Embrittlement: Changes in the strength and toughness of metals, often making them more brittle.

Dimensional Changes: Some materials (e.g., graphite) may swell or shrink.

Semiconductor Performance Degradation: For semiconductors in motor sensors or drive circuits, displacement damage increases leakage current, shortens carrier lifetime, and causes threshold voltage shift, ultimately leading to circuit failure.

II. Special Requirements and Technical Countermeasures

To address these challenges, motors for radiation environments (often called "Radiation-Hardened" or "Nuclear-Grade" motors) must meet the following requirements:

Material Selection

Insulation System: This is the most critical part.

Inorganic Materials Preferred: Such as ceramics, mica, fiberglass. They offer excellent radiation and high-temperature resistance.

Organic Materials Used with Caution: Special high-performance polymers must be used, such as Polyimide (PI), Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Standard motor insulation like polyester or epoxy resin rapidly ages and fails under radiation.

Insulation Class: Typically requires Class H or higher.

Conductor Materials:

Magnet wire requires radiation-resistant enamel, using the high-performance polymers mentioned above.

Magnetic Materials:

Permanent magnets can demagnetize under strong radiation. Materials with high radiation resistance, such as Samarium Cobalt (SmCo) magnets, are preferred over Neodymium Iron Boron (NdFeB) magnets.

Structural Materials:

Bearings, housings, etc., need materials resistant to embrittlement under radiation, such as specific stainless steels, ceramic bearings, or validated aluminum alloys.

Lubrication System:

Standard grease lubrication fails quickly under radiation. Solutions include:

Solid Lubrication: Using Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2), graphite, PTFE, etc.

High-Temperature/Radiation-Resistant Grease: Specially formulated greases.

Self-Lubricating Bearings: Such as metal-based or ceramic-based self-lubricating bearings.

Lubrication-Free Design: For vacuum or short-life applications, a "dry-running" design might be used.

Design Considerations

Simplification and Redundancy:

The design should be as simple and robust as possible, minimizing unnecessary complex components.

For critical missions, redundant design may be necessary, such as motors with dual windings.

Thermal Management:

Radiation environments are often accompanied by high temperatures, plus the motor's own heat generation. Efficient cooling designs are needed, such as forced air cooling, liquid cooling, etc.

Design Margin:

Considering the performance degradation of materials under radiation (e.g., reduced insulation, mechanical strength), sufficient safety margins must be incorporated into the design.

Integration with Drives:

The motor controller also faces radiation challenges. Sometimes the motor and drive are designed and tested as an integrated system for radiation hardness.

Manufacturing and Quality Control

Cleanliness Control: Prevents contamination that could become activated or produce harmful gases under radiation.

Strict Process Specifications: Ensures uniformity and defect-free insulation processing.

Comprehensive Documentation and Traceability: Complete records for all materials, components, and processes.

Testing and Certification

Simulated Radiation Testing: Motors must undergo laboratory radiation dose testing before use to verify they can withstand the total expected radiation dose over their mission life.

Performance Testing: Electrical, mechanical, and insulation properties must be tested before, during (if possible), and after radiation exposure.

III. Radiation Levels

Based on the severity of the radiation environment, motors are typically classified into different levels:

Commercial Grade: No special requirements.

Radiation-Tolerant: Can withstand a certain radiation dose; performance gradually degrades but remains functional during the mission. Often used in spacecraft like satellites and space stations.

Total Ionizing Dose (TID) Tolerant: Focuses on the effects of cumulative radiation dose on performance.

Nuclear-Grade: Used in extreme environments like nuclear power plants, requiring the highest standards and compliance with strict industry regulations.

Summary

The special characteristics of motors used in radiation environments can be summarized as follows:

Core Contradiction: The destructive effects of radiation on materials (especially insulation and lubrication).

Solution Approach: Materials are the foundation, design is the key, and testing is the guarantee.

Specific Measures: Use special radiation-resistant materials (inorganic insulation, SmCo magnets, solid lubrication), adopt robust and simplified designs, incorporate ample safety margins, and undergo rigorous simulated radiation environment testing.

Therefore, when selecting or customizing a motor for a radiation environment, it is essential to define its mission life, expected total radiation dose, dose rate, and operating environment (temperature, vacuum, vibration, etc.). Design and manufacturing should be handled by specialized suppliers. Zhonggu Weike (Shenzhen) Power Technology Co., Ltd. is a company specializing in the R&D and manufacturing of motors for harsh environments such as vacuum, high/low temperature, and radiation. Our products are widely used in aerospace, satellite communications, space observation, biomedicine, gene sample storage, and other fields. If your application demands motors for harsh environments, please contact us.

Selecting a servo motor for high-temperature conditions is an engineering problem that requires special caution. High-temperature environments directly affect the motor's performance, lifespan, and reliability. The following are the key aspects you need to focus on and consider, explained systematically from core to periphery.

I. Key Considerations for the Servo Motor Itself

1. Insulation Class

This is one of the most core indicators. The insulation class defines the maximum temperature the motor windings can withstand.

Common Classes:

Class B: 130°C

Class F: 155°C (This is the common standard for industrial servo motors)

Class H: 180°C (Suitable for higher temperature environments)

Selection Advice: If the ambient temperature is high (e.g., over 40°C), at least a Class F insulation should be selected. If the ambient temperature approaches or exceeds 70°C, a motor with Class H insulation must be considered. A higher insulation class ensures better lifespan and reliability of the motor at high temperatures.

2. Permanent Magnet (Magnet) Temperature Resistance

Servo motor rotors use permanent magnets (typically Neodymium Iron Boron). High temperatures can cause magnet demagnetization, which is an irreversible, permanent performance loss.

Curie Temperature: The temperature point at which the magnet completely loses its magnetism.

Maximum Operating Temperature: The temperature at which the magnet can operate long-term without significant demagnetization. This varies for different grades of NdFeB magnets.

Selection Advice: You must confirm with the motor supplier the maximum operating temperature and Curie temperature of the magnets used in the motor. Ensure that the rotor temperature, after adding the motor's self-heating to the maximum ambient temperature of your application, remains well below the demagnetization threshold of the magnets.

3. Bearings and Lubricating Grease

High temperatures accelerate the aging, evaporation, and loss of lubricating grease, leading to dry running and bearing failure.

Standard Grease: Typically suitable for -30°C to 90°C.

High-Temperature Grease: Designed specifically for high temperatures, can operate continuously at 120°C or even higher.

Selection Advice: Clearly inform your supplier of your application's ambient temperature and select bearings that use high-temperature grease. In some extreme cases, special bearing materials or cooling solutions may even need to be considered.

4. Feedback Device (Encoder)

The encoder is the "eyes" of the servo system and is itself a precision electronic component.

Optical Encoders: Sensitive to temperature; high temperatures can cause internal LED light source decay and optical component deformation, leading to signal errors.

Magnetic/Resolver Encoders: Generally have better resistance to high temperatures and contamination compared to optical encoders.

Selection Advice: Inquire about the operating temperature range of the encoder and ensure it matches the temperature requirements of the motor body and the environment. Resolvers are often a reliable choice for high-temperature environments.

5. Thermal Protection Devices

Built-in temperature sensors are necessary to prevent the motor from burning out due to overheating.

PT100/PT1000 Platinum RTDs: Provide accurate, linear temperature feedback, suitable for precise temperature monitoring and early warning.

Thermal Switches (Normally Closed KTY84): Open at a set temperature point, directly cutting off the enable signal or triggering a drive alarm.

Selection Advice: It is strongly recommended to select a motor with a built-in temperature sensor (PT100 or thermal switch) and connect this signal to the drive or control system to implement overtemperature protection.

II. System Integration and Heat Dissipation Solutions

1. Calculating Actual Temperature Rise

Theoretical Calculation: The motor's temperature rise mainly comes from copper losses (I²R) and iron losses. Use servo sizing software, input your load cycle, speed, and torque, and the software will calculate the expected temperature rise of the motor.

Safety Margin: Ensure that "Ambient Temperature + Motor Temperature Rise" is well below the motor's insulation class and magnet temperature resistance. Leave ample margin (e.g., 10-20°C) to cope with unexpected situations or poor heat dissipation.

2. Forced Cooling Measures

If natural convection cooling is insufficient, forced cooling must be considered:

Air Cooling: Install a cooling fan on the motor shaft or housing. This is the most common and economical method.

Water Cooling: For extremely high power density or extreme temperature environments (e.g., next to die casting machines, injection molding machines), using a water cooling jacket is the most efficient solution. Water-cooled motors have water channels inside the housing, and heat is carried away by circulating coolant.

Oil Cooling: In certain specific industries (e.g., machine tool spindles), oil cooling may be used.

3. Installation and Cabling

Avoid Heat Sources: Do not place the motor near other heat sources like furnaces or heaters.

Cabling: Use motor power cables and encoder cables certified for high-temperature environments to prevent the cable insulation from melting or aging due to heat.

When selecting a high-temperature servo motor, you should try to clearly communicate all your operating conditions (ambient temperature, load cycle, dust, humidity, etc.) to a professional servo motor supplier and obtain their formal solution. This is the only way to ensure that the motor you purchase can operate stably in your expected environment. Of course, a reliable supplier is also essential. Zhonggu Weike, as a company with 12 years of specialization in the R&D, manufacturing, and application of special motors for harsh environments such as vacuum, high temperature, low temperature, deep low temperature, and radiation, primarily offers products including vacuum, high temperature, low temperature, deep low temperature series stepper motors, servo motors, radiation-resistant motors, vacuum modules, vacuum gearboxes, and other standard product series. They can provide customized solutions based on customer needs.

As soon as I arrived at the company on Tuesday morning, a message popped up in the technical support group, With the anxiety of French customer Pierre - the bending angle of the ZYCO bending machine in their workshop suddenly could not be adjusted correctly.

Pierre spoke quickly over the phone, explaining that he'd recently tried to optimize the production process, so he fumbled around and tweaked a few parameters in the system. The result was that the steel plate was still off by about two degrees after turning the machine on again. "This batch of parts for new energy projects requires extremely high precision. Now the machine is 'disobedient' and I dare not touch it anymore."

Without hesitation, our after-sales engineer, Lao Wang, immediately launched the remote assistance software. When the screen is turned on, you can see the ZYCO bending machine in Pierre's workshop with the light on and plates waiting to be processed piled next to it. Pierre held up his phone and brought the screen of the operating panel in front of the camera, his tone full of helplessness.

Lao Wang first asked him to take a picture of the current parameter page, and then he helped him sort it out bit by bit according to the manual: "Look at this 'bending compensation coefficient'. The value is wrong now. It needs to be adjusted back to the standard value; and the 'lower die depth calibration' also needs to be reset." Even though the screen was thousands of kilometers away, Lao Wang circled every place that needed adjustment on the shared interface with his mouse as if he was standing next to Pierre.

Pierre, wearing headphones, listened while pressing buttons on the control panel, occasionally pausing to ask, "What does this button control? I didn't dare touch it before."

Interestingly, after the bending angle problem was solved, Pierre's curiosity was piqued. He simply pulled Lao Wang aside and asked him about all the functions of the machine one by one. "Can this 'automatic bending sequence' save time?" "How can I use the 'mold library memory' more conveniently?" He took a notebook and wrote down every functional point that Lao Wang talked about. His seriousness was like that of a child who had just come into contact with a new toy.

An hour and a half later, Pierre successfully folded out a sample with precise angles using the adjusted machine. He walked in front of the camera holding the sample, gave the phone a thumbs-up, and said excitedly, "Thank you so much, Lao Wang! Now I have not only solved the problem this time, but I feel like I have truly mastered this machine! I will have a better understanding of the parameters in the future."

After hanging up the remote call, Lao Wang said to us with emotion: "When it comes to after-sales service, sometimes it's really not just about fixing a problem. Customers want to truly understand how to use the machine, so that they can work with confidence."

Looking at the lights in Pierre's workshop on the screen, and then thinking about the machines in our own workshop, I suddenly felt that this is what good after-sales service should be like - not only repairing the machines, but also teaching customers the ins and outs of using them, so that trust can transcend time zones and slowly take root with every patient guidance.